References
Videos for further learning
A great introduction (from Khan Academy) to Charlemagne and his contributions to the formation of Europe.
This video (from Khan Academy) explains the importance of education and the Latin language in unifying the Christian religion and establishing a common system for administration and legislation in an empire composed of peoples with different languages and their own interpretations of Christianity.
A brief and accurate explanation of what feudalism was.
The 100-years War contributed to the formation of the identities of England and France.
The Crusades in 5 minutes
What Made The Black Death so deadly
A Mini Guide to Medieval Castles.
The Story of Fibonacci.
A History of the Jews in 8 minutes.
Jewish Wisdom for a Successful Life
The Franks
The Franks. From their modest origin as a confederation of tribes, the Franks rose to become the most powerful political entity after the decline of Rome in Western Europe.
Charlemagne and Alcuin of York
Charlemagne, the “Father of Europe” (Wikipedia)
Alcuin is considered among the most important intellectual architects of the Carolingian Renaissance.
Alcuin was also an mathematician who wrote elementary texts on arithmetic, geometry and astronomy.
Alcuin of York invented the University, educated an Empire, and guided the Carolingian Renaissance
The Contributions of Emperor Charlemagne and the Educator Alcuin to the Carolingian Renaissance
Feudalism and Medieval Age Life Organization
Feudalism definition
This article deals with the feudal system of Medieval Europe, focussing on western Europe.
A brief history of how people communicated in the middle ages.
The birth and death of privacy 3000 years of history in 50 images
Privilegium Maius (The fake documents that gave rise to Europe’s most powerful royal family)
Privilegium_Maius (Wikipedia)
With a number of forged documents, the ambitious Duke Rudolf IV succeeded in raising the status of the house of Austria and extending Habsburg territorial claims.
The Hundred Years War
The Crusades
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1273/the-crusades-consequences–effects/
The Black Death
Fibonacci
Jews in the Medieval Europe
Mark R. Cohen
Howard N. Lupovitch
PAUL JOHNSON
Jerry Z. Muller
Werner Sombart
Steven Katz on Jewish Life in Medieval Europe